Spectrophotometery Essays - Spectroscopy, Spectrophotometry, Cuvette

Spectrophotometery The motivation behind this lab try is to comprehend the employments of spectrophotometry. This analysis focuses on the employments of the spectrophotometer, and utilizing this instrument to explicitly decide the assimilation range of a cobalt chloride arrangement, a galactose arrangement, and to decide an obscure centralization of a galactose arrangement. Present day researcher much of the time utilize the estimation of light ingestion to decide convergence of synthetic concoctions. The strategy is called spectrophotometry. Be that as it may, why is light ingested? Light might be basically dissipated by particles, yet this is incredibly essential to the estimation of genuinely ingested light. Light is the piece of electromagnetic radiation to which the natural eye is delicate. Light is vitality, furthermore, when consumed by a synthetic it brings about an adjustment in vitality levels of the synthetic. The vitality of light relies upon its frequencies. Longer frequencies, for example, infrared, have less vitality than shorter frequencies, for example, bright. A particle will retain light vitality when a frequency precisely matches the vitality distinction between two vitality conditions of the particle. A spectrophotometer utilizes the transmission of light through a particular answer for decide the centralization of a solute inside an answer. It is in light of a straightforward plan of passing light of a known frequency through an example what's more, estimating the measure of light vitality that is transmitted. The structure of a single shaft spectrophotometer includes a light source, a crystal, an example holder, what's more, a photocell. Associated with each are the suitable electrical or mechanical to control the lighting up force, the frequencies, and for transformation of vitality got to coherent information that can be recorded, which is known as a voltage variance. This voltage variance is shown carefully and recorded for additional examination. The entire thought of spectrophotometery deciding the centralization of a compound depends on Beer's Law. Lager Law, or Brew Lambert Law is the connection among absorbance and centralization of an engrossing example. Applying Beer's Law can be utilized to decide a solutes assimilation look, and to plot the retention range on what is known as a Lager's Law plot or bend. The methodology to discover the retention range of cobalt chloride utilizes a Beer's Law and spectrophotometry. The spectrophotometer utilized explicitly to this analysis is the spcectronic 20. Similarly as with any analyze, a control is expected to put together the trial with respect to. For this situation, refined water will be utilized as the control. A cuvette, which is a little plastic compartment utilized in the instrument to hold the arrangement, is loaded up with refined water. The cuvette is then spot in the example holder. As of now the machine ought to be set at 400nm, and at this frequency the transmittance should peruse 100%. On the off chance that the instrument doesn't peruse 100%T, the instrument should be blanked, or then again balanced in like manner, until 100%T is accomplished. When the control is accomplished, the assimilation level of cobalt chloride can know be resolved. Taking a clean cuvette, including around 6ml of cobalt chloride to it, it is put in the machine also, the frequency is kept at 400nm. As indicated by the information the spectrophotometer peruses, the optical thickness of cobalt chloride at a frequency of 400nm is 0.03100. When this data is recorded, the cuvette of cobalt chloride is expelled. The machine is then set to 410nm, and the control cuvette of refined water is put back in the machine. The machine is then re-blanked, being certain that it peruses 100%T. Expel the cuvette of refined water and spot the cuvette of cobalt chloride in the machine. At 410nm, the optical thickness of cobalt chloride is 0.043000, and this data is recorded. The above method is rehashed consistently, at frequency settings that are at 10nm stretches. For model, next would be 420nm, at that point 430nm, etc. It is critical to be sure to re-clear the spectrophotometer after each difference in frequency. Cobalt chloride, at a frequency of 510nm, has an optical thickness of 0.51200. As anyone might imagine found in figures 1-1 and 1-2, this is the frequency at which cobalt chloride retains maximally. The following methodology engaged with the investigation is to build up a standard bend, utilizing Beer's Law, for galactose. Six test tubes are utilized for the initial segment of the investigation. Each test cylinder ought to be plainly marked 1 through 6 on the highest point of each cylinder, utilizing a wax pencil. Additionally, one enormous recepticle ought to be loaded up with refined water and sitting on a hot plate in arrangement for bubbling. Six unique groupings of galactose will be required, relating to the six test tubes. The

Five Force Model For Woodland

Nike Brief HistoryNike has one statement of purpose: To complete the heritage of inventive intuition left by the establishing individuals by creating items that empower competitors of all capacities to expand their latent capacity while beating rivalry and making an incentive for investors. Nikes base camp are situated in Beaverton, Oregon in Portland and the organization works in excess of 160 nations everywhere throughout the world with in excess of 30,000 representatives over each of the six mainlands (Nike 2011). Nike TodayNike today is the biggest maker of athletic footwear, dress and gear universally by deals with 2011 incomes of more than US $23billion in front of nearest equals Adidas, Puma, K-Swiss and Under Armor which it contends with in the sportswear advertise. Nike has been consistently expanding its piece of the overall industry of the sportswear showcase from an underlying 3.7% in 2006 to 4.6% in 2011, despite the fact that this declined in 2009. Numerous examiners ex pect this piece of the overall industry to reach about 6.3% by 2017. The organization additionally hopes to make large gains from the London 2012 Olympics for its footwear division (MSN cash 2012) Figure 1: Nike Apparel Market ShareFigure 2: Nike Footwear Market ShareHowever despite the fact that Nike is relied upon to accomplish huge increases from the London 2012 Olympics, its rivals are not sitting still and letting Nike take any such gains. Adidas, which is one of fundamental adversaries of Nike, has put more than  £100million in the Olympics to help its profile, yet additionally close the piece of the pie hole with Nike. Adidas has just posted better deals and benefit brings about 2012 contrasted with Nike. Indeed, Adidas, likewise the second biggest clothing maker on the planet after Nike, has been beating Nike since 2006 (Torry 2012). Underneath, we will do an industry examination utilizing Porters 5 Forces of Competition Framework to assist us with understanding the differ ent factors affecting rivalry and benefit for Nike inside the areas in which it is competing.Porter’s Five Forces of Competition Framework According to Grant (2005), there are numerous highlights of an industry wherein an organization contends that decides the degree of rivalry it will confront and the benefits it will get. The most renowned grouping was finished by Michael Porter, known as Porters Five Forces system which can enable an organization to decide its latent capacity benefits by seeing five wellsprings of serious weight. The five wellsprings of rivalry are 1) rivalry from contestants 2) rivalry from substitutes 3) rivalry from set up rivals 4) haggling intensity of providers and 5) dealing intensity of purchasers. Danger of passage/Barriers to entryThe danger of section is most noteworthy in the clothing market due to the moderately lower expenses of assembling attire contrasted with the footwear showcase where the greatest danger presented is essentially from cur rent opponents previously settled in the market e.g Adidas and Puma, who albeit behind in piece of the overall industry, are as of now executing methodologies that are helping them close the hole on Nike. Adidas has particularly been making progress on Nike helped by its solid nearness in supporting the European soccer competition where it supported possible victors Spain (Torry 2012). As indicated by Marketing Weekly News (2012), Adidas is additionally anticipating moving into the more design adjusted market of youngsters which could see it improve worldwide market share.NEO, a quick style adidas sub-brand focused on adolescents is Adidas’ endeavors to enter new attire fragments that will even set it in opposition to any semblance of H&M and Zara with an end goal to pick up piece of the overall industry and press more benefits out of develop ventures. Another danger of section is presented by Under Armor Inc. a set up organization in the athletic sportswear in the USA wh ich in 2009 chose to enter the U.S athletic footwear advertise making rivalry in a market which had been ruled by a couple of players like Nike and Adidas.Recently the US sports brand has begun entering markets which have been customarily battled about by Nike and Adidas. For instance, Under Armor is utilizing its sponsorship of Tottenham Hotspur in a â€Å"aggressive† computerized advertising drive which it sees as a feature of a more extensive methodology to take piece of the overall industry from Nike and Adidas in the clothing class in Europe. This is the organizations first raid into proficient football, which have been regions where Nike and Adidas generally commanded and performed well in however are nowâ having to prepare for new rivalry from Under Armor (Sebastian 2012).Threat of substitutesSubstitutes in the footwear classification can incorporate some other sorts of shoes that shoppers can decide to fill comparative needs. Substitutes here in this way incorporate any semblance of shoes, which can fill in, despite the fact that they may not satisfy identical reason. It is hard to consider different substitutes that can satisfy a similar reason as athletic shoes from the footwear business since this an industry that has something unmistakable to offer to a focused on showcase. This implies it isn't intended to engage everyone and everybody.Thus purchasers who are searching for shoes to run in won't search for boots as substitutes just in light of the fact that boots are less expensive substitutes. This is because of the specialization of running shoes that makes substitutes hard to get a hold of. Be that as it may, while athletic footwear has little substitutes, sportswear attire can have substitutes that incorporate ordinary regular dress which can be utilized for athletic purposes if fundamental. For instance, a few customers may decide to wear tight fitting shirts to practice in as opposed to utilizing Nikes sportswear, making typical dress from high road brands substitutes. Contention between firms (Industry structure)Adidas: Although Adidas is right now not ready to outcompete Nike regarding deals and piece of the overall industry, it has been beating Nike and picking up piece of the pie since 2006 while Nike has been losing piece of the overall industry since 1998 when it despite everything had in excess of 47 percent of the market, which has been decreased to 32 percent (MSN cash 2011). Adidas is likewise still the second greatest contender to Nike vieing for piece of the overall industry and has designs in the pipeline that it is attempting to execute so as to grow.One of them is overwhelming sponsorship of football competitions everywhere throughout the globe since football has the most noteworthy fan support with more than 2billion individuals who tail it, with Basketball behind it with 1.2 billion devotees. One such arrangement has been taking care of when Spain, the group it supported at the 2012 Euro titles, won the competition in style (Torry 2012). Panther: Puma is another opponent to Nike that has been making some awful memories with money related figures not going as per desire. Despite the fact that the firm has been supporting some acclaimed names (it sponsoredâ the Italian football crew who arrived at the last of Euro 2012), while Usain Bolt wore the firm’s unit when he contended in the 100m at the London 2012 Olympic Games, Puma has presented a benefit cautioning. It said that net income for the principal quarter of 2012 were relied upon to be 13 percent underneath the 115m Euros announced during a similar period last year.Puma is additionally hope to take an EURO 100m rebuilding charge indicating that the firm is doing not just as expected so Nike has little concern from this opponent. As indicated by the Financial Times (2012), the principle issue with Puma doesn't lie on the brandishing field yet in the stands. Panther's recuperation over the previous decade was driv en chiefly by its prevalence with style cognizant youths. So it isn't helping Puma that numerous adolescent are jobless in the Eurozone. Panther creates more than 45 percent of deals from Europe, the Middle East and Africa, so the fall in spending power has been harming it seriously, as does rising rivalry in the games way of life showcase. The organization is additionally harmed by its reliance on shoes, which represent about portion of deals. Under Armor: As expressed beforehand, Under Armor has been the one organization that has picked up the most from any slip ups from both Nike, Adidas and Puma as it has been going solid for the last not many years.Power of SuppliersThe footwear advertise is one of those industry classifications where the interest is consistently there. Retailers need to purchase whatever the large brands like Nike make in any case in this way this additionally implies providers like Nike and Adidas have a great deal of intensity contrasted with different ventu res. Probably the greatest factor that add to this is the reality shoes, for example, Nikes are made economically however sold at over the top expensive costs making them entirely attractive for retailers, which gives providers like Nike power. It is one of reasons why Nike has consistently been acclaimed at sweatshop costs (Forbes 2012)Power of BuyersHighly Competitive market because of market immersion and log jam in the business around the world, purchasers progressively learned, have explicit needs and needs and realize where to get limits and arrangements. As observed with the issues in the Eurozone encountering high paces of joblessness as observed with the issues with Puma, numerous purchasers have more watchfulness to pick what to purchase andâ what not to purchase as the world economies suffer.ConclusionNow that we have taken a gander at Nike and the serious weights it faces in the business as it attempts to make benefits and remain serious, it is upto the organization to discover ways around a portion of these weights, completely breaking down what is driving the business all in all. Michael Porter offered a few proposals to organizations attempting to continue an upper hand with three systems which were center, cost administration or separation (Grant 2005). So relying upon which methodology Nike picks, it could decide to improve better shoes by putting resources into R&D, center around promoting or basically diminish costs to turn into the lost cost pioneer in its industry like Walmart.

7 Cheap Halloween Costume Ideas

7 Cheap Halloween Costume Ideas 7  Cheap Halloween Costume Ideas 7  Cheap Halloween Costume IdeasWhy break the bank for a Halloween costume you’ll wear a grand total of once?Hello BOILS and GHOULS! As the leaves on the trees begin to turn to BOOtiful SHADES of yellow and DEAD, it’s GRIME to start thinking about what costume you’re going to SCARE for Halloween!You want to have a spooky great look, but you also don’t want to wipe out your entire GRAVE-ings account.That’s why we’re FEAR with some suggestions for CREEPER Halloween costumes.1. With ItThis year’s biggest horror movie is the remake of Stephen King’s It. Or, at least, that’s what we’ve been told. We’re too scared to actually see it. (But we hear good things!)A full Pennywise the clown costume might be a little expensive, but there are cheap alternatives! Just get a friend to do the face makeup, and then cut a rectangular hole in a sheet of cardboard.Color it to look like a storm drain, staple a string that you can tie around your head, and you can recreate  (spooky s poilers)  this iconic movie moment   without getting a full body costume together. Bonus points for having a little paper boat.2. Going battyWhat animal is most associated with Halloween?That’s right: any animal with a skeleton because skeletons are spooky. But bats are a close second. And the Evil Mad Scientist  site has brilliant instructions for an affordable bat costume.Just cut up one of those cheap umbrellas as the instructions describe and attach it under your arms in a plain black outfit. Or attach it to fancy clothes and wear some cheap fangs if you want to be an aristocratic vampire.3. [Cheap TV reference]Cheap TV references can make for cheap costumes. And they don’t have to be current! In fact, it’s almost better if they’re older, because then you can make a new friend every time someone recognizes your costume. Do you like The Office? You could make yourself a version of Jim’s three-hole punch costume for under a buck. For a bit of a throwback, Wilson from Hom e Improvement just takes a fishing hat and a section of fence you can make out of popsicle sticks or cardboard. Like 30 Rock but hate putting effort into costumes even more than Jenna hates things that aren’t about her? Well just cut a little “TGS” out of paper, tape it to a grey sweatshirt, put on some glasses, and you’re Liz Lemon at work! If you’re a couple who likes Parks and Recreation, consider dressing up like Agent Burt Macklin and Janet Snakehole. Whatever TV show you love, there’s probably a super cheap costume you can make to honor it.4. Skeleton of funAs mentioned above, the spookiest animal of all is the skeleton. And Martha Stewart has a video showing you how to make a very cheap version of one. All you’ll need is a white shirt and a slightly bigger black shirt that you’re willing to cut slits into to act as the ribs. You can get some face paint too, but we’ll leave that up to you.5. Berry goodWhat’s the spookiest fruit? Dragonfruit, obviously, but we haven’t seen any tips to make a costume for that. So instead, you could try dressing up like a strawberry with this simple costume. The site, Studio DIY, also has a pineapple version, so you and a friend can go as a preassembled edible arrangement.6. Brands brands brandsBrand mascots are like TV characters, except they’re much more explicit about trying to sell you things. Carbon Costume, a site for DIY costumes, has an easy Brawny Man attire as well as a suggestion for a Vince, the Shamwow Guy get-up.  Something like the Hamburglar or the Sun-Maid Raisin girl also makes for an easy project. Maybe you can even get one of those companies to sponsor it! Or at least send you free stuff after you tweet a photo of yourself.7. DIY notNatasha Rachel Smith, financial expert at TopCashback  offered her own DIY recommendation:“If you are crafty, consider making your costume! Having DIY skills is beneficial to creating a fun and frugal costume, and DIY costumes are usually the most m emorable! From a gumball machine to your favorite Nickelodeon characters, the possibilities are endless when you are crafty and creative.”She also had tips for the less creative among us:“If you aren’t crafty and want to buy a costume from a store, make sure to shop for the best deals. Try waiting until the last minute to purchase your costume, to receive a bigger discount. Buying your costume the day before Halloween (or the day after and save it for next year) can save you at least 50  percent off the original price because retailers want to get rid of their remaining inventory.”Members of the TopCashBack team even shared some of their own DIY costume creations with us:“The Spice Girls, the cheapest costume ever! We purchased poster boards and drew spice names on them!“Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy from SpongeBob. I repurposed clothes I already owned and purchased dish gloves, rain boots, and the hat. I think I spent $30 total. My friend had to purchase a couple additio nal items such as green leggings, slippers and craft supplies to make the belt and bra, but she only spent $30 as well.“Gumball machine. I was two versions of this and both were very cheap. I repurposed the same red skirt for both. I hot glued pompom balls to the top, and the other we inflated dollar store balloons and shoved them into a trash bag. The only downsides are it took a couple of hours to glue everything on and inflate the balloons.”At the end of the day, as long as you have some sort of costume prepared, you’ll be better off than the person who forgot to think of one until the morning of.Enjoy, stay safe, and have yourself a SCARY holiday!Do you have a great idea for an affordable costume? Let us know by entering The OppLoans #Halloween Budget Sweepstakes on  Facebook and  Twitter and you could win $100!  ContributorsNatasha Rachel Smith  is a personal finance expert at  TopCashBack. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowe rment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashBack brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.

My Final Culture Project Puerto Rico - 1233 Words

For my final culture project, I decided to take a trip to the beautiful island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth of the United States, therefore, passports are not needed when traveling to and from the island. It is located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea and sits east of the Dominican Republic and West if the U.S. Virgin Islands. Spanish is the primary language in Puerto Rico, however, most Puerto Ricans almost speak English. These two languages are both official languages of Puerto Rico. In fact, Puerto Rico actually translates into Rich Port in English and has a population of 3,674,209. It is also home to one of the longest zip lines in the world, La Bestia. It allows the rider to soar in the air over 4,745 feet of terrain. The 2.5km cable also enables the rider to reach a speed up to 93.20 miles per hour. Therefore, I chose Puerto Rico to embark on a new exciting adventure. According to Delta Airlines, the airfare from Charlotte Douglas International Airport to Lui s Munoz International Airport, round trip, will cost approximately $1,232. This includes first class seating, premium entertainment, personalized service, primary check-in, and premium food drink. I will leave for departure on Oct. 9th 2017 and return on Oct. 15th 2017. I chose a six-day trip to visit tourists sites, enjoys the beaches, and explore the island. The flight will take approximately 5 hours. I am set to depart at 9:30am on a connected flight and arrive at Hartsfield–JacksonShow MoreRelatedPuerto Rico And The United States1100 Words   |  5 Pagespeople have of Puerto Rico and they would be right, for the most part, about this beautiful island. However, Puerto Rico which translate to â€Å"rich port† is far from the name it inhabits. The commonwealth has a $72 billion dollar debt which is causing the residents to live in poverty and the United States government is partially to blame. 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As a result, I concluded that I belongedRead More The Effect of Politics and Race on Identity of Puerto Ricans1741 Words   |  7 Pagesof Puerto Ricans As is present in many articles we read about Spanish rule and American rule, there were always references to race, and the mix of races that the Puerto Ricans are, and how that has affected their identity. Kristen Moran hypothesized as to what was the origin of Spaniards need to assert their clean lineage: The attitude of the Spaniards concerning pure lineage, which can be traced back to the Muslim occupation of Spain, further complicated race interaction in Puerto Rico. TheRead More Significance of Bilingualism and Multiculturalism Essay2373 Words   |  10 PagesBilingualism and Multiculturalism My decision to do parts of my web page in Russian and English represents the value that I place on bilingualism and multilingual cultures. 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Since the early 1800s, industrialization and immigration has brought poverty of a new kind and on a new scale to American cities. I have chosen the topic of poverty because it is apart of my everyday life and world. Being a city kid from New York, I see homeless andRead MoreThe Importance of Labor Relations and Human Resource Practices: Macys Inc Case Analysis1755 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Labor relations are a very critical component to the underlying business processes of a company. Through my interview, I gained a new prospective of the Human resource department, and how it functions relative to others departments within the corporation. Through my interview, I also gained insight into many of the common myths and misconceptions regarding the labor relations and human resource function. This insight was particular helpful in regards to the retail industry. 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A Comparison of Myself to Adolf Hitler Essay - 1214 Words

â€Å"Struggle is the father of all things. It is not by the principles of humanity that man lives or is able to preserve himself above the animal world, but solely by means of the most brutal struggle. If you do not fight, life will never be won.† (Hitler) For most of the world, Adolf Hitlers name is synonymous with thoughts of hatred, criminality, and pure evil. Although he is responsible for the greatest genocide known to humanity, Hitler is now known to be one of the most influential World leaders we’ve ever known. Although Adolf Hitler and I share similar aspects pertaining to our black-and-white thinking, views on eugenics, and our leadership abilities, there are considerable differences in our moral values and how our goals are†¦show more content†¦Anyone who was not his ally was an enemy, and therefore they would be destroyed. In his book, Mein Kampf, he states â€Å"The thinking of the people is not complicated but very simple and all of one piece. T heir thinking does not have multiple shadings. It has positive and negative, love or hate, right or wrong, truth or lie but never half this way and half that way.† (Hitler 182) He approached his crowd under the assumption that they shared the same type of thinking and with this strategy, swayed the masses. I would even be keen to say he was just as meticulous with his moustache as he was with his political agenda. Although Hitler and I share in our quest for perfection, I prefer to keep my standards interpersonal. Hitler and I share a commonplace in our beliefs regarding eugenics. Eugenics is a social philosophy for the improvement of human hereditary traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of certain people and traits, and the reduction of reproduction of other people and traits. (Osborn 389-97) Although not scientifically perfect, the basic idea behind this philosophy is clearly attributed to natural selection. In my opinion, while our world experiences technological advances, law and morality prevent this natural process from taking place. I believe that this process is imperative to the continuance and improvement of a species. In the animal kingdom, the weak are food for the strong.Show MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Shakespeare1287 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are represented through two boys on the island, Jack and Ralph. In the beginning of the story, Jack and Ralph work together and have generally peaceful relations. However, as tim e goes on, tension on the island increases, eventually resulting in the boys becoming leaders of two separate tribes. Finally, Jack violates the previously agreed upon peace when he makes the decision to attack Ralph out of anger. 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It was this coincidence that I found that they had both used Lebensraum as a means for territorialRead MoreMao Zedong Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pageswhich one was he? In my opinion after all the facts I have discovered I truly believe Mao Zedong was a Villain! He led china into an economic downfall and killed over 78 million people, that is more than the amount of people Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler combined! When Mao Zedong first began he was very well known in china \ as a great revolutionary and a military leader/mastermind, Mao Zedong had led the communist party of China to victory against the nationalist party in the Chinese Civil

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 1 The Enchanted Sleeper Free Essays

string(123) " take refuge in the cave, but it was rumored that she had a companion with her who was in some way dangerous and powerful\." The morning comes, the night decays, the watchmen leave their stations; The grave is burst, the spices shed, the linen wrapped up; The bones of death, the cov’ring clay, the sinews shrunk dry’d Reviving shake, inspiring move, breathing, awakening, Spring like redeemed captives when their bonds bars are burst. Let the slave grinding at the mill run out into the field, Let him look up into the heavens laugh in the bright air; Let the inchained soul, shut up in darkness and in sighing, Whose face has never seen a smile in thirty weary years, Rise and look out; his chains are loose, his dungeon doors are open; And let his wife and children return from the oppressor’s scourge. They look behind at every step believe it is a dream, Singing: â€Å"The Sun has left his blackness has found a fresher morning, And the fair Moon rejoices in the clear cloudless night; For Empire is no more, and now the Lion Wolf shall cease. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 1 The Enchanted Sleeper or any similar topic only for you Order Now † from â€Å"America: A Prophecy† by William Blake O stars, isn’t it from you that the lover’s desire for the face of his beloved arises? Doesn’t his secret insight into her pure features come from the pure constellations? from â€Å"The Third Elegy† by Rainer Maria Rilke Fine vapors escape from whatever is doing the living. The night is cold and delicate and full of angels Pounding down the living. The factories are all lit up, The chime goes unheard. We are together at last, though far apart. from â€Å"The Ecclesiast† by John Ashbery Chapter 1. The Enchanted Sleeper In a valley shaded with rhododendrons, close to the snow line, where a stream milky with meltwater splashed and where doves and linnets flew among the immense pines, lay a cave, half-hidden by the crag above and the stiff heavy leaves that clustered below. The woods were full of sound: the stream between the rocks, the wind among the needles of the pine branches, the chitter of insects and the cries of small arboreal mammals, as well as the birdsong; and from time to time a stronger gust of wind would make one of the branches of a cedar or a fir move against another and groan like a cello. It was a place of brilliant sunlight, never undappled. Shafts of lemon-gold brilliance lanced down to the forest floor between bars and pools of brown-green shade; and the light was never still, never constant, because drifting mist would often float among the treetops, filtering all the sunlight to a pearly sheen and brushing every pine cone with moisture that glistened when the mist lifted. Sometimes the wetness in the clouds condensed into tiny drops half mist and half rain, which floated downward rather than fell, making a soft rustling patter among the millions of needles. There was a narrow path beside the stream, which led from a village – little more than a cluster of herdsmen’s dwellings – at the foot of the valley to a half-ruined shrine near the glacier at its head, a place where faded silken flags streamed out in the perpetual winds from the high mountains, and offerings of barley cakes and dried tea were placed by pious villagers. An odd effect of the light, the ice, and the vapor enveloped the head of the valley in perpetual rainbows. The cave lay some way above the path. Many years before, a holy man had lived there, meditating and fasting and praying, and the place was venerated for the sake of his memory. It was thirty feet or so deep, with a dry floor: an ideal den for a bear or a wolf, but the only creatures living in it for years had been birds and bats. But the form that was crouching inside the entrance, his black eyes watching this way and that, his sharp ears pricked, was neither bird nor bat. The sunlight lay heavy and rich on his lustrous golden fur, and his monkey hands turned a pine cone this way and that, snapping off the scales with sharp fingers and scratching out the sweet nuts. Behind him, just beyond the point where the sunlight reached, Mrs. Coulter was heating some water in a small pan over a naphtha stove. Her daemon uttered a warning murmur and Mrs. Coulter looked up. Coming along the forest path was a young village girl. Mrs. Coulter knew who she was: Ama had been bringing her food for some days now. Mrs. Coulter had let it be known when she first arrived that she was a holy woman engaged in meditation and prayer, and under a vow never to speak to a man. Ama was the only person whose visits she accepted. This time, though, the girl wasn’t alone. Her father was with her, and while Ama climbed up to the cave, he waited a little way off. Ama came to the cave entrance and bowed. â€Å"My father sends me with prayers for your goodwill,† she said. â€Å"Greetings, child,† said Mrs. Coulter. The girl was carrying a bundle wrapped in faded cotton, which she laid at Mrs. Coulter’s feet. Then she held out a little hunch of flowers, a dozen or so anemones bound with a cotton thread, and began to speak in a rapid, nervous voice. Mrs. Coulter understood some of the language of these mountain people, but it would never do to let them know how much. So she smiled and motioned to the girl to close her lips and to watch their two daemons. The golden monkey was holding out his little black hand, and Ama’s butterfly daemon was fluttering closer and closer until he settled on a horny forefinger. The monkey brought him slowly to his ear, and Mrs. Coulter felt a tiny stream of understanding flow into her mind, clarifying the girl’s words. The villagers were happy for a holy woman, such as herself, to take refuge in the cave, but it was rumored that she had a companion with her who was in some way dangerous and powerful. You read "The Amber Spyglass Chapter 1 The Enchanted Sleeper" in category "Essay examples" It was that which made the villagers afraid. Was this other being Mrs. Coulter’s master, or her servant? Did she mean harm? Why was she there in the first place? Were they going to stay long? Ama conveyed these questions with a thousand misgivings. A novel answer occurred to Mrs. Coulter as the daemon’s understanding filtered into hers. She could tell the truth. Not all of it, naturally, but some. She felt a little quiver of laughter at the idea, but kept it out of her voice as she explained: â€Å"Yes, there is someone else with me. But there is nothing to be afraid of. She is my daughter, and she is under a spell that made her fall asleep. We have come here to hide from the enchanter who put the spell on her, while I try to cure her and keep her from harm. Come and see her, if you like.† Ama was half-soothed by Mrs. Coulter’s soft voice, and half-afraid still; and the talk of enchanters and spells added to the awe she felt. But the golden monkey was holding her daemon so gently, and she was curious, besides, so she followed Mrs. Coulter into the cave. Her father, on the path below, took a step forward, and his crow daemon raised her wings once or twice, but he stayed where he was. Mrs. Coulter lit a candle, because the light was fading rapidly, and led Ama to the back of the cave. Ama’s eyes glittered widely in the gloom, and her hands were moving together in a repetitive gesture of finger on thumb, finger on thumb, to ward off danger by confusing the evil spirits. â€Å"You see?† said Mrs. Coulter. â€Å"She can do no harm. There’s nothing to be afraid of.† Ama looked at the figure in the sleeping bag. It was a girl older than she was, by three or four years, perhaps; and she had hair of a color Ama had never seen before – a tawny fairness like a lion’s. Her lips were pressed tightly together, and she was deeply asleep, there was no doubt about that, for her daemon lay coiled and unconscious at her throat. He had the form of some creature like a mongoose, but red-gold in color and smaller. The golden monkey was tenderly smoothing the fur between the sleeping daemon’s ears, and as Ama looked, the mongoose creature stirred uneasily and uttered a hoarse little mew. Ama’s daemon, mouse-formed, pressed himself close to Ama’s neck and peered fearfully through her hair. â€Å"So you can tell your father what you’ve seen,† Mrs. Coulter went on. â€Å"No evil spirit. Just my daughter, asleep under a spell, and in my care. But, please, Ama, tell your father that this must be a secret. No one but you two must know Lyra is here. If the enchanter knew where she was, he would seek her out and destroy her, and me, and everything nearby. So hush! Tell your father, and no one else.† She knelt beside Lyra and smoothed the damp hair back from the sleeping face before bending low to kiss her daughter’s cheek. Then she looked up with sad and loving eyes, and smiled at Ama with such brave, wise compassion that the little girl felt tears fill her gaze. Mrs. Coulter took Ama’s hand as they went back to the cave entrance, and saw the girl’s father watching anxiously from below. The woman put her hands together and bowed to him, and he responded with relief as his daughter, having bowed both to Mrs. Coulter and to the enchanted sleeper, turned and scampered down the slope in the twilight. Father and daughter bowed once more to the cave and then set off, to vanish among the gloom of the heavy rhododendrons. Mrs. Coulter turned back to the water on her stove, which was nearly at the boil. Crouching down, she crumbled some dried leaves into it, two pinches from this bag, one from that, and added three drops of a pale yellow oil. She stirred it briskly, counting in her head till five minutes had gone by. Then she took the pan off the stove and sat down to wait for the liquid to cool. Around her there lay some of the equipment from the camp by the blue lake where Sir Charles Latrom had died: a sleeping bag, a rucksack with changes of clothes and washing equipment, and so on. There was also a case of canvas with a tough wooden frame, lined with kapok, containing various instruments; and there was a pistol in a holster. The decoction cooled rapidly in the thin air, and as soon as it was at blood heat, she poured it carefully into a metal beaker and carried it to the rear of the cave. The monkey daemon dropped his pine cone and came with her. Mrs. Coulter placed the beaker carefully on a low rock and knelt beside the sleeping Lyra. The golden monkey crouched on her other side, ready to seize Pantalaimon if he woke up. Lyra’s hair was damp, and her eyes moved behind their closed lids. She was beginning to stir: Mrs. Coulter had felt her eyelashes flutter when she’d kissed her, and knew she didn’t have long before Lyra woke up altogether. She slipped a hand under the girl’s head, and with the other lifted the damp strands of hair off her forehead. Lyra’s lips parted and she moaned softly; Pantalaimon moved a little closer to her breast. The golden monkey’s eyes never left Lyra’s daemon, and his little black fingers twitched at the edge of the sleeping bag. A look from Mrs. Coulter, and he let go and moved back a hand’s breadth. The woman gently lifted her daughter so that her shoulders were off the ground and her head lolled, and then Lyra caught her breath and her eyes half-opened, fluttering, heavy. â€Å"Roger,† she murmured. â€Å"Roger†¦ where are you†¦ I can’t see†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shh,† her mother whispered, â€Å"shh, my darling, drink this.† Holding the beaker in Lyra’s mouth, she tilted it to let a drop moisten the girl’s lips. Lyra’s tongue sensed it and moved to lick them, and then Mrs. Coulter let a little more of the liquid trickle into Lyra’s mouth, very carefully, letting her swallow each sip before allowing her more. It took several minutes, but eventually the beaker was empty, and Mrs. Coulter laid her daughter down again. As soon as Lyra’s head lay on the ground, Pantalaimon moved back around her throat. His red-gold fur was as damp as her hair. They were deeply asleep again. The golden monkey picked his way lightly to the mouth of the cave and sat once more watching the path. Mrs. Coulter dipped a flannel in a basin of cold water and mopped Lyra’s face, and then unfastened the sleeping bag and washed Lyra’s arms and neck and shoulders, for Lyra was hot. Then her mother took a comb and gently teased out the tangles in Lyra’s hair, smoothing it back from her forehead, parting it neatly. She left the sleeping hag open so the girl could cool down, and unfolded the bundle that Ama had brought: some flat loaves of bread, a cake of compressed tea, some sticky rice wrapped in a large leaf. It was time to build the fire. The chill of the mountains was fierce at night. Working methodically, she shaved some dry tinder, set the fire, and struck a match. That was something else to think of: the matches were running out, and so was the naphtha for the stove; she must keep the fire alight day and night from now on. Her daemon was discontented. He didn’t like what she was doing here in the cave, and when he tried to express his concern, she brushed him away. He turned his back, contempt in every line of his body as he flicked the scales from his pine cone out into the dark. She took no notice, but worked steadily and skillfully to build up the fire and set the pan to heat some water for tea. Nevertheless, his skepticism affected her, and as she crumbled the dark gray tea brick into the water, she wondered what in the world she thought she was doing, and whether she had gone mad, and, over and over again, what would happen when the Church found out. The golden monkey was right. She wasn’t only hiding Lyra: she was hiding her own eyes. Out of the dark the little boy came, hopeful and frightened, whispering over and over: â€Å"Lyra, Lyra, Lyra†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Behind him there were other figures, even more shadowy than he was, even more silent. They seemed to be of the same company and of the same kind, but they had no faces that were visible and no voices that spoke; and his voice never rose above a whisper, and his face was shaded and blurred like something half-forgotten. â€Å"Lyra†¦ Lyra†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Where were they? On a great plain, where no light shone from the iron-dark sky, and where a mist obscured the horizon on every side. The ground was bare earth, beaten flat by the pressure of millions of feet, even though those feet had less weight than feathers; so it must have been time that pressed it flat, even though time had been stilled in this place; so it must have been the way things were. This was the end of all places and the last of all worlds. â€Å"Lyra†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why were they there? They were imprisoned. Someone had committed a crime, though no one knew what it was, or who had done it, or what authority sat in judgment. Why did the little boy keep calling Lyra’s name? Hope. Who were they? Ghosts. And Lyra couldn’t touch them, no matter how she tried. Her baffled hands moved through and through, and still the little boy stood there pleading. â€Å"Roger,† she said, but her voice came out in a whisper. â€Å"Oh, Roger, where are you? What is this place?† He said, â€Å"It’s the world of the dead, Lyra, I dunno what to do, I dunno if I’m here forever, and I dunno if I done bad things or what, because I tried to be good, but I hate it, I’m scared of it all, I hate it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And Lyra said, â€Å"I’ll get us out of here, Roger, I promise. And Will’s coming, I’m sure he is!† He didn’t understand. He spread his pale hands and shook his head. â€Å"I dunno who that is, and he won’t come here,† he said, â€Å"and if he does, he won’t know me.† â€Å"He’s coming to me,† she said â€Å"and me and Will, oh, I don’t know how Roger but I swear we’ll help. And don’t forget there’s others on our side. There’s Serafina and there’s Iorek, and they will come, the will!† â€Å"But where are you Lyra?† How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 1 The Enchanted Sleeper, Essay examples

Macroeconomic Event

Question: Write an essay on Linkage between economic concepts and discuss macroeconomic event. Answer: Introduction Mankiw (2014) opines that the trend in economic growth of a country determines the financial stability of that particular country. The given assignment will reflect upon the article Japans Economic Roller Coaster Is Headed for another Dip by Toru Fujioka. This article highlights the rapid change in the rate of GDP in the economy of Japan. The figures are rapidly moving up and vice versa. The seesaw cycle can have a negative impact on the economy. These impacts and challenges have been highlighted through the given assignment. Linkage between economic concepts and discussion of macroeconomic event Benassy (2014) opines that the concept of macroeconomics determines the future predictions of economic conditions of the firm. GDP refers to the total amount of goods and services that any particular country produces. It can be further inferred that the background of any countrys economy is the percentage of increase of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. This nominal value of Gross Domestic Product will be on the higher side if the rate of inflation of the country is also on the higher side. From the article, it can be opined that the economy of Japan has seen both sides of inflation and deflation. Deflation can be very harmful to any economy (Oberfield and Raval 2014). For this reason, the economy of Japan has faced both positive and negative GDP. There is a direct and positive correlation between the rise in GDP and inflation rate. From the scenario of Japan, it can be inferred that there is the negative impact of different types of economic policies undertaken by the Gov t. Macroeconomics are based on two concepts. These are monetary policy and fiscal policy. Japan has failed to adopt an effective fiscal policy, which had a direct impact on the disposable income of the consumers. Hodgson (2014) opines that the central bank of any particular country plays an effective role in determining the monitory policy of that particular country. From this article, it can be concluded that the Central Bank of Japan (BOJ) has failed to adopt any structural reforms to control the ongoing deflation of the country. However, BOJ has tried to nullify all the weak links of the economy with an aggressive strategy. The industrial production has also taken a back due to fiscal and monitory policy of Japan. This has led to the concept of Abenomics. This concept reflects about stagnation in the economy from a higher rate of deflation and volatility in the economic rate. The Government of Japan failed to control down the rate of GDP and inflation even after adopting the con cept of Abenomics in a successful manner. According to Ascari and Sbordone (2014), the curse of capitalism can have a direct impact over an economy. Capitalism can make an economy a roller-costar one. Japan is considered as a capitalist country and due to this reason; its economy is going through a downturn. The investors of Japan are moving away from it, which has further led the economy of the country in such a downturn. In macroeconomics, it has been studied that the bottom line of an economy depends upon the following three aspects:- GDP Unemployment InflationHowever, it has been also studied that the consumers of the country also determines the direction of economy of that particular country. Therefore, it can be further inferred that the consumers of Japan follows a deflationary mindset. This has a negative impact on the economy of Japan. In addition to this, both Government and Central Bank of Japan has failed to control the flow of currency in the economy. This has further l ed to higher expenditure, thus, minimizing the national income. The principles of macroeconomics suggest that if a country is suffering from higher expenditure and lower amount of income, then, deflation is bound to take place. In addition to this, it can be also inferred that fiscal deficit also have a major impact when it comes to fluctuations in imports and exports (Oberfield and Raval 2014). It has also been studied that GDP per capita depends on standard of living of the country and economic development of that particular country. The per capita income of Japan has declined considerably because the countrys industrial production has declined considerably. This has a wider impact on the economy, creating a downturn. Apart from this, it can be also deduced that debt-GDP ratio shows a true picture of the status of any economy. In case of Japan, the debt-GDP ratio of the country has increased to 5 trillion yen (Bloomberg.com 2016). This further reflects that the industrial scenario of Japan has gone down drastically. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that the economy of Japan has failed to adopt the Solow model. This model interprets that the rate of GDP will increase with percentage increase of population of the country as well as flow of investment in the economy. Not only has this, the BOJ and Government of Japan failed considerably to adopt the different forms of growth models that have a considerable positive impact over the economy. From the analysis of rate of inflation and GDP rate, it is reflected that Japan is facing problems in terms of unemployment as well. Apart from this, the exporting and domestic purchasing of the country has further declined considerably. This further opines that the country is suffering from higher amount of debt due to lower amount of export and rate of domestic purchasing. It has been also studied that the power of the country depends upon the power of the currency and purchasing power of the economy. In case of Japan, its currency was depreciating and purchasing power of the consumer was going down considerably. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that all the macroeconomic concepts can be linked with the macroeconomic event that took place in Japan Economic challenges faced by the Economy of Japan and strategies to resolve them There are several issue faced by Japanese economy during settling out fluctuation with monetary and fiscal market within financial year 2016. As there are different types paradoxical mixture of failure and successful scenario created within economy, which is directly or indirectly influencing the economic standards within a specified period (Gillespie 2014). Mainly Japanese economy influences due to higher standard of living and individuals capita income during financial year 2015 by considering purchasing power parity with the amount of $38,000 in Tokyo and $41,000 in country France and Britain (Bloomberg.com 2016). As per the study, the measured unemployment rate has been strike at 3.3%, which is lower than US and European countries are 5% and 10% respectively. The current scenario of the Japan economy is showing deflation due to lower consumer prices, which is causes decline in Gross domestic product of the country within that specified period. Whenever it was measure by researc her that once the borrowing cost processed by the fiscal department of the country at zero percent, the fiscal deficit for that economy will be reach approx 7% with the government debt, which is exceed to 230% respectively (Bloomberg.com 2016). The population and labor force for Japanese economy is shrinking and become more confusing for the implying the higher amount of debt ratios within future period. The Bank of Japan has been appointed new operation head to measure the inflationary rate, which is equivalent to 2%, and immediate to resolve the announced issue faced by the entire Japanese economy required strategic tools and techniques. This can easily maintain the combination between slow growth rate and lower inflation to maintain their monetary system and short term fiscal system for proper reformation of labor and product markets. The Abenomics (Governments economic policies) established by the government authorities has been comprising three arrows strategy to overcome the economy issue faced by the Japanese economy in future period of time (Bloomberg.com 2016). The monetary policy of the company will be based on the large scale purchasing and government bonds, which is reported to causes fall of yen and interest rate for 10 years period. As per the market observation, it is found that huge amount of competitive exchange rate is supportive to raise profitability scenario of Japanese exporters but that is also keeping their output. This again is keeping the yen currency weaker in the economy due to increment, in import prices and reduction in real income and households services in Japanese economy accordingly (Lengnick 2015). In the financial year 2016, month of January, the appointed head of the Bank of Japan has been gone through the negative deposit rates on commercial banks and its mandatory reserves with the support of different confessionary act and activities. There are also several effects which are related to the reduction of household and bus iness demand to fluctuating and globalised scenario for enhancing the value of Yen approximately 10% with respect of US dollars (Bloomberg.com 2016). According to the research of Bank of Japan was shown that there are no such changes done by the government authorities in the policies as it was expected to resolve the monetary conditions of the market. With the reaction of these scenario, Government authorities of the Japanese economy required to strengthening the yen approximately 2% with compare to US dollar and simultaneously stock market of Japan is falling by 3% respectively. There are also several fiscal policy related issue which is begin at early 2011, as economy required higher amount of support to focus on the repairing and replacing infrastructure get effected during natural calamities and earthquake. The Japanese economy is rapidly enhancing their inflationary rates with comparison to reduce budgetary deficit and different speculation of government bodies with the growth perspectives of economy. There are also several issue related to fluctuation in VAT rates from 8% to 10% respectively (Bloomberg.com 2016). The government authorities are also raised value added tax to 8%, which is compensating the economic growth and deficit within specified period. The overall economic scenario is based on economic downturn, which is supportive to declining of Gross domestic products since from 2008. The reduction in foreign workers and encouragement to women empowerment in the Japanese economy is helpful for continuous growth of the economy. After overall research, it was found that there were no such way for the economy to avoid the budgetary deficits and shrinking cost for Japanese economy to control their financial abilities and economic related challenges. The GDP and CPI index is also declining due to unavoidable scenarios of the economy with the failure and government borrowing within that specified period (Lockwood 2015) From this, it can be concluded th at Japan has faced several challenges to control their economy. The government of Japan and Bank of Japan has taken several adequate steps, however, they have failed to control the factor of GDP and deflation rate. Discussion of the factors The overall scenario of Japanese economy fluctuation due to economic crisis and financial fluctuations has been shown that monetary and fiscal policies of any economy plays a very important role to measure the feasibility and sustainability of the organization within a specified period of time (Bloomberg.com 2016). The economic fluctuation in the Japanese economy happened due to avoidance of different types of fiscal and monetary policies and inverse rate of economy in terms of higher rate of inflation and deflation within a specified financial period for longer period. As the Japanese economy is having such a less number of unemployment rate of 3% in comparison to United State and European Countries are having 5% and 10% respectively. There are also negative rate of interest, which is decreases the household services and business demand for that particular economy within their processing period of time (The Business Times 2016). According to the economists, such economic crisis in J apan can be considered as a liquidity trap, where the monetary policies have totally failed to reduce the interest rates as the rates are already closed to zero. Many researchers are linking the present scenario with the Japanese asset price bubble, occurred in the 1980s. The collapse of the asset price bubble has caused a deep long-term crisis period, globally which is known as The Lost 20 Years (1991-2010). As per the researchers, the ups and downs in the GDP are just the aftermath of that crisis period. The banks of Japan, in the late 80s, adopted the policy to lent more without concerning about the background of the borrowers. Various companies and business houses grabbed the opportunity and began to rely more on debt financing for capital funding instead of raising equity capitals. It resulted in the fall of equity prices and crashed the Japanese Stock Market. On the other hand, the interest on loan had reduced to 0.1% and the banks and other financial institutions had greatly suffered from high amount of bad debts. Many of the Japanese firms were over burdened with debts and many of them became bankrupted. As per the records, the percentage of debt over the GDP in Japan is 240% - highest in the world (Bloomberg.com. 2016).To overcome the situation, many Japanese firms began to depend on temporary workers with lesser job security and other benefits. Gradually, these non-traditional workers took over more than 1/3 share of the total labor force. As the result, the real wages began to fall down drastically. From 1997 to the present, the real wages of Japan has gone down approximately 13%, which is considered to be the highest downfall among the developed nations (The Business Times 2016).In addition to these, the major portion of debt is attributed to domestic market and hence, it is expected that the large amount of debt repayments will cause further de-growth in the financial health of the country. The bank of Japan plays incredible role in terms of mana ging the monetary and fiscal policies and providing better justification for their usage in future period. As it is already discussed that, the economic scenario of a particular economy is required to be processed their policies and regulations accordingly to economic scenario and perspectives (Bloomberg.com 2016). According to the new appointed head of the Bank of Japan is basically working with their new approved policies and procedures to properly manage and justify the scenario for reduction of inflationary pressure and lower growth rate (Ansolabehere, Meredith and Snowberg 2014). Conclusion The report states the various aspects of the Japanese economy that has experienced the influence of both inflation and deflation. In the impact of the linkage of the concepts of the discussion of the various macroeconomic events, it was found that there is a direct and positive correlation between the rise in the GDP and the inflation rate in the economy. The Japanese per capita income has experienced a decline due to the reduction in the countrys industrial production. This has been further shown by the reduction in the GDP of the country. The report also shows the main impacts of the economy has been affected due to the decreasing GDP, increasing rate of unemployment and an increasing rate of inflation in case of economy of Japan. References Ansolabehere, S., Meredith, M. and Snowberg, E., 2014. Mecroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Economic Voting: Local Information and Microà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Perceptions of the Macroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Economy.Economics Politics, 26(3), pp.380-410.Ascari, G. and Sbordone, A.M., 2014. The macroeconomics of trend inflation. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(3), pp.679-739.Benassy, J.P., 2014. Macroeconomics: an introduction to the non-Walrasian approach. Academic Press.Bloomberg.com. (2016). Japans Economic Roller Coaster Is Headed for Another Dip. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-11/japan-s-economic-roller-coaster-is-headed-for-another-dip [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, pp.182-198.Cass, D. and Shell, K. eds., 2014. The Hamiltonian approach to dynamic economics. Academic Press.Diamond, P. and Rothschild, M. eds., 2014. Uncertainty in economics: readings and exercises. Acad emic Press.Gillespie, A., 2014. Foundations of economics. Oxford University Press, USA.Hodgson, G.M., 2014. Economics in the Shadows of Darwin and Marx. Edward Elgar Publishing.Lengnick, M. (2015). Essays in Agent-Based Macro and Monetary Economics. Kiel: UniversitaÃÅ'ˆtsbibliothek Kiel.Lockwood, W.W., 2015. Economic development of Japan. Princeton University Press.Mankiw, N.G., 2014. Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning.Oberfield, E. and Raval, D., 2014. Micro data and macro technology (No. w20452). National Bureau of Economic Research.The Business Times. (2016). Japan's economic roller coaster headed for another dip. [online] Available at: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/japans-economic-roller-coaster-headed-for-another-dip [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].

Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Free Essays

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Free Essays Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His father was James Nathaniel and his mother was Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes. His grandfather was Charles Langston, an Ohio abolitionist. As a young boy he lived in Buffalo, New York, Cleveland, Ohio, Lawrence, Kansas, Mexico City, Topeka, Kansas, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Kansas City, Kansas. In 1914 his parents divorced and he, his mother, and his stepfather moved to Lincoln, Illinois. In high school back in Cleveland, he was elected class poet, and editor of the senior class yearbook. He taught English to some families in Mexico in 1921 and also published his first prose piece, "Mexican Games"(Davis). In an excerpt from an article about Langston Hughes in Encarta 97, it says that he was discovered in 1925, while he was working as a busboy in a restaurant in Washington, D.C., when he accidentally left three of his poems next to the plate of Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. She helped him ge! t publicity for his works and she got him seriously started in writing(Encarta). In an article about Langston Hughes in The Reference Library of Black America it talks about all the places in the world that Hughes has traveled. He probably used much of the information of the cultures of other countries to write. Hughes traveled all over the world as a seaman. He went to the Soviet Union, Haiti, Japan, Spain, Genoa, France, and other parts of Europe. Hughes was an author, anthologist, librettist, songwriter, columnist, translator, founder of theaters, and a poetical innovator in jazz technology. Hughes liked to write in many genres such as prose, comedy, drama, fiction, biographies, autobiographies, and TV and radio scripts. Langston Hughes was the father of the Harlem Renaissance and made many contributions on the behalf of African- Americans which led to the end of discrimination and segregation(Davis). Hughes was an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance because he was one of the most talented and famous black writers in his time. The Harlem Renaissance was the black movement during the 1920's. Many African-Americans got famous during this time and more people in the United States and the world got to see another side of African- Americans which had never been seen before. People saw that blacks could do things the same or better than white people and many, but certainly not all, barriers like segregation were decreased noticeably. He wrote numerous protest poems in which he used irony to get his points across to the reader. Hughes was influenced by Jean Toomer, another black writer and poet. It seemed as though Hughes used his poetry as a way to combat against the ongoing struggle that African- Americans still face today. Many believe that his best poems were inspired by the city of Harlem. He was even called the "Poet-Laureate of Harlem" because of his unders! tanding for the city. Hughes best volume of Harlem works is Montage of a Dream Deferred. Hughes was the author who during the Harlem Renaissance used much of the Black culture in his work. He began to use the Blues, Ballad form, dance rhythms, folk speech, and Jazz in his poetry. Hughes had success in many different fields of writing. His best drama, "Mulatto," a play, was performed on Broadway 373 times in 1935. In his best comedy, "Little Ham"(1935), again he uses themes from Harlem. Hughes's best fiction is in his "Simple" series. In his lifetime, Langston Hughes won several awards. In 1925 he won his first prize for poetry in the Opportunity contest and third prize for essay in the Crisis contest. In 1926 he published his first volume of poems, The Weary Blues. In 1953 he won the Anisfeld-Wolfe Award. Hughes also won the Witter Bynner Prize for undergraduate poetry while attending Lincoln University. Even West Indian poets, such as Leopold Senghor, saw Hughes as the father of the Negritude Movement(Davis). One of Hughes's works mentioned in the book, The Langston Hughes Reader, is entitled, My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience. This short story of his is a true story of his childhood. It shows all the themes he is fighting for and the things he is fighting against. What happens is that

Digital Media Strategy and Implementation Essay

Digital Media Strategy and Implementation - Essay Example Intel presently manufactures a range of products including motherboard chipsets, integrated circuits, network interface controllers, embedded processors, graphic chips and a range of other communication devices. The management strategy of the organization is closely linked to its founders Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore and the leadership of Andrew Grove. Initially, the company was only known to people in the technology industry. However over the years, intensive advertising campaigns have made Intel a household name across the world mostly arising from its Pentium processor. Intel presently operates as a public company, a status it achieved in 1971 after launching an Initial Public Offering (IPO) (Gawer and Cusumano 44). Development At its formation, Intel was primarily concerned with the production of SRAM and DRAM memory chips which accounted for almost all the sales of the company until 1981. Even though the company invented the microprocessor chip early in 1971, the importance and popularity of this device had not been realized since the personal computer industry had not yet grown sufficiently. The success of the PC triggered a period of much organizational success for Intel as a result of the increased demand for the microprocessors. At this time, Intel grew rapidly as the dominant microprocessor supplier in the computer industry. However, this growth had its own share of challenges. At this time, several major organizations such as Microsoft were coming up in this industry, and this created a lot of struggle for control of the direction of the industry (Elliott 15). In the 1980s and 90s, Intel experienced periods of unprecedented growth given that it had become the primary supplier of microprocessors to IBM and other major computer manufacturers across the world. The Pentium brand became a household name, and this created a lot of brand loyalty for the organization. However, in the 2000s, the growth of the company began to slow down. At this time, there w as a reduced demand for high-end microprocessors. Intel’s competitors like AMD gained a lot of market share. In order to address the company’s reduced sales, the then- CEO Craig Barrett began a process of diversifying the product line of the company by engaging in the production of other technology devices. However, it proved difficult for the company to venture into such new fields since other players had already established strong grounds (Metz). Success factors On the basis of most success factors, Intel has indeed been successful. The company is presently ranked at position 49 among the fortune 500 companies and this indicates a good revenue position. In a world driven by innovation, the company has carried forward the spirit of the founders and continues to take the lead in innovation across the industry. The innovation was a result of the proper management structures that have existed in the organization since its formation. In this respect, Moore and Noyce place d much priority on the people as an important asset for the organization. Openness, responsibility and equality have become a driving factors and this greatly motivates the employees. Innovation at Intel is not therefore the prerogative of the R&D department as in other organizations. Rather, every employee has the capacity to ensure an improvement in their area operations. This has seen the company expand its product line from microprocessor to other products like network cards, memory drives and motherboard chipsets.

Hypothesis and Research Question Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothesis and Research Question - Case Study Example For this paper, I expect that more is uncovered to understand the benefits, the consequences, and most importantly, the challenges of this new addictive technological way of communicating. It is interesting to note that even though the young generation in particular tends to enjoy most the benefits of Facebook and twitter, the literature review has focused on the dangers of being addicted to social media. This has resulted in online social networking and demands increased accountability and regulation of providers of the two major sites. Early reviews or studies suggested that online communication had negative effects on the user by reducing face-to-face contact and increasing the level of loneliness. More recent study shows that social media addiction leads to a new generation with egocentric-based approach to life, overdependence, and the addiction only acts to compound these eventualities (Zemmels, 15). Through the use of the Survey method and content analysis method of research, I predict that a huge percentage of facebook and Twitter addicts tend to spend less than an hour on the sites daily. The most exciting part is what the media addicts do to stay online though they could have had bad experiences. However, such experiences are managed through means such as blocking the disturbing person from contacting, indicating that such experiences make them to consider mechanisms to avoid the bad experiences in future in order to continue with the same business on the sites. Content analysis: It entails a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods that focus on messages, making it able for users to quantify information by use of frequency counts and percentages. Any kind of content can be analyzed, including focus groups, television programming, interviews, editorials, and news releases. The population that would be used for the research are generally social media users who increasingly use Facebook and

Analysis of effluents in chemical industry

Analysis of effluents in chemical industry Abstract: This report deals with effluent samples obtained from a Ceramic Industry, and analysis for their physicochemical properties, metallic and non-metallic ions. These parameters were compared with established international standard issued by EHS Guidelines. The heavy Ceramic Industry is an important source of pollutants to the environment. Ceramic wastewaters not only contain high suspended and total solids but also significant amounts of dissolved organics resulting in high BOD or COD loads. The method of testing for these parameters, and consequent laboratory results have been illustrated here with reference to their effect on the surrounding environment. The need for an in depth analysis and measurement of effluents, as a primary step towards wastewater treatment, has been established. Introduction Manufacturing industries are under continuous surveillance to adhere to environmental standards of pollution and control. In such situations, instead of viewing regulatory controls as extremely restrictive, they can exploit it to their benefit. By projecting itself as pro-environment, the company can work up a positive image and gain advantage against its competitors. From an economic point of view, by finding alternate methods of waste treatment, the company can save costs on disposal procedures. By recycling its wastes, the industry can also cut down on their raw material consumption. These are but a few reasons why chemical industries should devote their research and technology towards effluent analysis. Only by an assessment of their wastes, the industry would be able to focus on the method of treatment required. Waste Effluent and Environment Impact Effluent analysis and monitoring systems should be implemented for all activities that may be recognized as having potential impact on the environment. Waste treatment and effluent disposal usually depends on a combination of dilution, dissipation, physical, chemical and biological means as a technique to achieve treatment. Inappropriate sitting of treatment plants, ponds and effluent disposal systems can cause nuisance to residents, compromise sensitive landscapes and natural habitats. The potential for nuisance depends on a number of variable factors including prevailing and seasonal weather conditions, topography, separation distances from residences and public facilities, the quantity, concentration and the type of effluent and the nature of the receiving water environment. These factors are required to be assessed in an integrated way when an application for waste treatment and effluent disposal system is considered Importance of Measurement The most common disposal methods are landfill and to a lesser extent incineration. Each year approximately 111 million tonnes of controlled waste (household, commercial and industrial waste) are disposed of in landfill sites in the UAE. Some waste from sewage sludge is also placed in landfill sites, along with waste from mining and quarrying. As landfill waste decomposes, methane is released in considerable quantities. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Furthermore, the leachate fluids formed from decomposing waste can permeate through the underlying and surrounding geological strata, polluting groundwater which may be used for drinking water supplies. Containment landfills however, can limit the spread of this waste leachate. Initially, Environment Protection Agencies came up with test methods so as to determine the amount of waste effluents released by an industry and the pollution caused by it to the environment. They intend to limit the amount of chemicals that can be hazardous if left in a final effluent and released into the surroundings. In addition to this, an accurate analysis of the effluents gives an estimate of the kind of treatment and machinery required by the industry for its treatment. It is important to determine the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for every industry so that the effluents released by them to the environment is within permissible limits. Ceramic Industry Release of waste effluents to the environment is one of the main problems of the ceramic industry. Environment issues related to ceramic industry mainly include waste water and solid wastes. Production of ceramics consumes a lot of energy, especially for the operation of a kiln for its grinding operations. Wet milling, though being the preferred method of grinding, releases waste slurry. The ingredients in glazes and the clay body itself are toxic and could be carcinogenic in their raw form. Process wastewater is mainly generated from cleaning water in preparation and casting units, and various process activities like glazing, decorating, polishing, and wet grinding. Process water is characterized by its turbidity and coloring due to very fine suspended particles of glaze and clay minerals. The potential pollutants of concern include suspended solids (e.g. clay and insoluble silicates The effluent sludge primarily contains: SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O Fe2O3 TiO2 MgO CaO K2O Other elemental impurities like Lithium, Strontium, Barium and Manganese are also present. Apart from these inorganic substances, it contains biologically degradable organic matter. Emission and Effluent Guidelines The following table gives the emission and effluent guidelines for the ceramic industry as provided by the General Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines Document. The chemical concentration of the effluent should not exceed those mentioned below: Deviation from these levels in consideration of specific, local project conditions should be justified in the environmental assessment. Test Parameters pH Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Total Suspended Solids Oil and Grease Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Heavy Metals, Major Metals and Trace Elements pH (Power of Hydrogen) It is the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions. It is measured with an ion-sensitive electrode which responds to hydrogen activity. Conductivity Conductivity is the degree to which a water sample can carry an electric current. The magnitude of the conductivity of a sample is a function of the amount of ions present in the sample. High conductivity can be an indicator of excessive mineralization from either natural or industrial sources. The measure of conductivity is also a good screening test which helps determine which additional testing is required. Total Solids Total Solids in an effluent is the measure of the suspended particles and dissolved substances in it. The suspended particles consist of the particulate matter that is retained by a filter and the solids that pass through the filter forms the dissolved substances. It gives an indication of the salinity, turbidity and conductance of the effluent. ie. TS = Total Dissolved Solids + Total Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) include minerals, salts, cations, anions dissolved in water. To measure TDS, The sample is filtered first and the filtrate is heated in a dish till all the water evaporates leaving behind a residue. The weight of the empty dish should be determined previously. The dish along with the residue is measured again and the difference in weight gives the TDS of the sample. Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) are solid materials suspended in water that can be trapped by a filter. To measure TSS, the effluent sample is passed through filter of preferably 0.45 micrometers. The filter weight should be determined previously. The residue on the filter is dried at around 100o C till all the water evaporates and the weight is measured again. The difference in the weight of the filter gives the TSS of the sample. Experimental Values of the Sample Prior to Treatment pH = 6.72 Salinity = 0.7 Conductivity = 1.67 S /Â ·m TSS = 2970 mg/L TDS = 1665 mg/L Total Solids = 4455 mg/L (BOD/COD to be performed) Biological Oxygen Demand Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. Since it is a measure of the quantity of oxygen required for biodegradation, it can be used to detect the amount of bio-degradable matter. BOD is measured by either Dilution Test (BOD5) and Manometric Test. BOD5 is the most widely used method of testing. Apparatus: 300 ml BOD bottles 2 5 liter glass bottle with siphon. 20 Â ± 1Â °C incubator DO meter Burette Nutrient Solutions: Phosphate buffer : Dissolve 8.5 g KH2P04, 21.75 g K2HP04, 33.4 g Na2HP04Â ·7H20, and 1.7 g NH4Cl in approx. 500 ml reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. The pH should be 7.2. Store in 4Â °C refrigerator. Magnesium sulfate solution : Dissolve 22.5 g MgSO4Â ·7H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L Calcium chloride solution : Dissolve 27.5 g CaCl2 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. Ferric Chloride solution : Dissolve 0.25 g FeCl3Â ·6H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. Sample Preparation Test the effluent sample for residual chlorine. If detected, employ de-chlorination techniques and check again pH of the sample should be between 6.5- 7.5. As needed, dilute the sample with 1 N Sulfuric Acid or 1 N Sodium Hydroxide. To prevent loss of oxygen during incubation of these samples, the DO should be reduced by shaking the sample or aerating it with filtered compressed air. Blank Samples Dilution water may be prepared immediately before use, or, except for the addition of the phosphate buffer, days or weeks ahead of time. 1 ml of each nutrient solution is added per liter of dilution water. The phosphate buffer is the critical nutrient in stimulating contaminating growths so it must be added the day the water is to be used. Distilled water should be allowed to equilibrate in the incubator or with outside air for at least 24 hours at 20Â °C before use. To avoid dust or dirt contamination while allowing oxygenation, use a paper towel, cotton plug, or sponge to cover the bottle opening. The BOD bottle is filled by slowly adding sufficient dilution water so that the stopper can be inserted without leaving an air bubble Completely fill two BOD bottles with dilution water to be incubated as blanks. Incubation and Dissolved Oxygen Determination Calibrate DO meter each day of use and check membrane of probe. Record the barometric pressure each day of analysis. Determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and all sample bottles Place the samples and the 2 dilution water blanks in a 20 Â ± 1Â °C incubator for 5 days. Fill water seals with dilution water and cap to reduce evaporation from seals. Check daily, add water to seals if necessary. Before removing the caps, pour off the water above the cap. After 5 days, determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and the sample bottles. Calculation The BOD is calculated using the difference between the initial and final dissolved oxygen levels in the sample. This value is multiplied by the dilution factor which is the ratio of bottle volume to sample volume. Chemical Oxygen Demand The determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is widely used in municipal and industrial laboratories to measure the overall level of organic contamination in wastewater. The contamination level is determined by measuring the equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in the sample. COD differs from BOD in that it measures the oxygen demand to digest all organic content, not just that portion which could be consumed by biological processes. A COD test measures all organic carbon with the exception of certain aromatics (benzene, toluene, phenol, etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction. COD is a chemically chelated/thermal oxidation reaction, and therefore, other reduced substances such as sulfides, sulfites, and ferrous iron will also be oxidized and reported as COD. NH3-N (ammonia) will NOT be oxidized as COD. COD can be measured by the closed reflux titrimetric method and the closed reflux colorimetric method Reactor: The heater, or reactor, is used to obtain fast organic reactions. Since it is vital that the reaction take place at 150Â °C (Â ±2Â °C) for 2 hours it is important to ensure accurate pre-heating.. The reactor is equipped with a timer to notify the operator when the reaction is completed. Titration: A sample is refluxed in strongly acidic solution with a known excess of potassium dichromate (K2Cr207). After digestion the remaining unreduced K2Cr207 is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate to determine the amount of K2Cr207 consumed and the oxidizable matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent. This procedure is applicable to COD values between 40 and 400 mg/L. Higher COD values can be obtained by careful dilution or by using higher concentrations of dichromate digestion solution Colorimetric: When a sample is digested, COD material in that sample is oxidized by the dichromate ion. The result is the change in chromium from the hexavalent (VI) to the trivalent (III) state. Both chromium species exhibit a color and absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum. In the 400 nm region the dichromate ion (Cr2072-) absorbs strongly while the chromic ion (Cr3+) absorbs much less. In the 600 nm region it is the chromic ion that absorbs strongly and the dichromate ion has nearly zero absorption. This method covers the ranges from 0 to 15000 mg/L 02 0- 150 mg/L near 420 nm 0-1000 (1500) mg/L near 600 nm 0-15000 mg/L near 600 nm The US Environmental Protection Agency specifies that the only acceptable reportable measuring method for COD is the colorimetric dichromate method. Advantages in using this method include high accuracy, certifiable results and abate chloride interference. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is widely used as a means of measuring the organic strength of domestic and industrial wastes. This test allows measurement of a waste in terms of the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. It is based upon the fact that all organic compounds, with a few exceptions, can be oxidized by the action of strong oxidizing agents under acid conditions. The amino nitrogen will be converted to ammonia nitrogen. However, organic nitrogen in higher oxidation states will be converted to nitrate. During the determination of CID, organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide and water regardless of the biological assimilability of the substances. For example, glucose and lignin are both oxidized completely. As a result, COD values are greater than BOD values and may be much greater when significant amounts of biologically resistant organic matter is present. Wood-pulping wastes are excellent examples because of their high lignin content. One of the chief limitations of the COD test is its inability to differentiate between biologically oxidizable and biologically inert organic matter. In addition, it does not provide any evidence of the rate at which the biologically active material would be stabilized under conditions that exist in nature. History of the COD Test Chemical oxidizing agents have long been used for measuring the oxygen demand of polluted waters. Potassium permanganate solutions were used for many years, and the results were referred to as oxygen consumed from permanganate. The oxidation caused by permanganate was highly variable with respect to various types of compounds, and the degree of oxidation varied considerably with the strength of reagent used. Oxygen-consumed values were always considerable less than 5-day BOD values. This fact demonstrated the inability of permanganate to carry the oxidation to any particular end point. Ceric sulfate, potassium iodate, and potassium dichromate are other oxidizing agents that have been studied extensively for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Potassium dichromate has been found to be the most practical of all, since it is capable of oxidizing a wide variety of organic substances almost completely to carbon dioxide and water. Because all oxidizing agents must be used in excess, it is necessary to measure the amount of excess remaining at the end of the reaction period in order to calculate the amount actually used in t he oxidation of the organic matter. It is relatively easy to measure any excess of potassium dichromate, an important point in its favor. In order for potassium dichromate to oxidize organic matter completely, the solution must be strongly acidic and at an elevated temperature. As a result, volatile material originally present and those formed during the digestion period are lost unless provision is made to prevent their escape. Reflux condensers are ordinarily used for this purpose and allow the sample to be boiled without significant loss of volatile organic compounds. Certain organic compounds, particularly low molecular weight fatty acids, are not oxidized by dichromate unless a catalyst is present. It has been found that silver ion acts effectively in this capacity. Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridine are not oxidized under any circumstances. Chemical Oxygen Demand By Dichromate Potassium dichromate is a relatively cheap compound that can be obtained in a high state of purity. The analytical-reagent grade, after drying at 103 oC, can be used to prepare solutions of an exact normality by direct weighing and dilution to the proper volume. The dichromate ion is a very potent oxidizing agent in solutions that are strongly acidic. The reaction involved in the usual case, where organic nitrogen is all in a reduced state(oxidation number of -3), may be represented in a general way as follows: CnHaObNc + dCr2O2-7 + (8d +c)H+ nCo2 + (a+ 8d-3c)/2 H2O + cNH+4 + 2dCr3+ Where d = 2n/3 +a/6 b/3 c/2. For these and other reasons, dichromate approaches an ideal reagent for the measurement of COD. Selection of Normality COD results are reported in terms of milligrams of oxygen, Since the equivalent weight of oxygen is 8 g, it would seem logical to use a N/8 or 0.25 N solution of oxidizing agent in the determination so that results can be calculation in accordance with the general procedure. Experience with the test has shown it has sufficient sensitivity to allow the use of a stronger solution of dichromate, and a N/4 or 0.25N solution is recommended. This allows the use of larger samples by doubling the range of COD that can be measured in the test procedure, since each milliliter of a 0.25 N solution of dichromate is equivalent to 2 mg of oxygen. In any method of measuring COD, an excess of oxidizing agent must be present to ensure that all organic matter in oxidized as completely as is within the power of the reagent. This requires that a reasonably excess be present in all samples. In it necessary, of course, to measure the excess in some manner so that the actual amount reduced can be determined. A solution of a reducing agent is ordinarily used. Nearly all solutions of reducing agents are gradually oxidized by oxygen dissolved from the air unless special care is taken to protect them from oxygen. Ferrous ion is an excellent reducing agent for dichromate. Solutions of it can be best prepared from ferrous ammonium sulfate which is obtainable in rather pure and stable form. In solutions, however, it is slowly oxidized by oxygen, and standardization is required each time the reagent is to be used. The standardization is made with the 0.25N solution of dichromate. The reaction between ferrous ammonium sulfate and dichromate may be represented as follows: 6Fe2+ + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O Blanks Both the COD and BOD tests are designed to measure oxygen requirements by oxidation of organic matter present in the samples. It is important, therefore, that no organic matter from outside sources be present if a true measure of the amount present in the sample is to obtained. Since it is impossible to exclude extraneous organic matter in the BOD test and impractical to do so in the COD test, blank samples are required in both determinations. Indicator A very marked change in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) occurs at the end point of all oxidation-reduction reactions. Such changes may be readily detected by electrometric means if the necessary equipment is available. Oxidation-reduction indicators may also be used; Ferroin (ferrous 1,10-phenanthroline sulfate) is an excellent one to indicate when all dichromate has been reduced by ferrous ion. It gives a very sharp brown color change that is easily detected in spite of the blue color produced by the Cr3+ formed on reduction of the dichromate. Calculations Although an oxidizing agent is used in the measurement of COD, it does not figure directly in the calculation of COD. This is because a solution of reducing agent must be used to determine how much of the oxidizing agent was used, and it is simpler to relate everything to the reducing agent in this case, because its strength varies from day to day and its normality is seldom, if ever, exactly equal to 0.25N. Calculation of COD is made using the following formula : COD(mg/L) = 8000 (blank titr. sample titr.) [norm. Fe(Nh4)2(SO4)2] mL sample Methods to Reduce Hazardous Waste Generation The COD test can generate a large volume of liquid hazardous waste. In the past, common practice was to dilute completed samples with tap water and discharge them down the drain with a good flushing of water. This meant that considerable quantities of acid, chromium, silver, and also mercury (added for chloride complexation) could reach a treatment plant and perhaps surface waters. For this reason, drain disposal is now discouraged and sometimes prohibited, and so spent solutions must be stored, packaged and disposed into approved hazardous waste storage sites. It is possible to reduce this problem by recovering silver and mercury from the samples, but this requires proper permitting. In order to reduce this problem, alternate procedures can be used. Standard Methods now offers two closed reflux methods in which smaller sample and reagent volumes are used. Refluxing here is conducted in sealed containers. However, the principles are essentially the same as in the more historical open -reflux method. In order to maintain sufficient sensitivity with the reduced volumes, the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant is reduced. In one variation, a colorimetric rather than a volumetric procedure is used. This takes advantage of the change during organic oxidation from orange color of Cr(VI), which absorb at 420 nm. Measurements of color change from sample oxidation at either wavelength can be used for quantification. Although costs of prepared reagents for the closed flux COD procedures from commercial companies tend to be high, many analysts prefer them in comparison with reagents for the conventional reflux procedure because of their easy in use and reduction in quantities of resulting waste chemicals requiring disposal. While these considerations tend to support the use of the closed reflux procedure, a similar variation can be made with the open reflux procedure as well. Here, for example, a 10 mL rather than a 50mL samples can be used. In this case, only 5 mL of dichromate solution is added together with only 15 mL of Ag+ amended concentrated sulfuric acid. By reducing the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant from 0.25 N to 0.025 N, suitable sensitivity can still be maintained. The sample reflux apparatus as used with larger samples works satisfactorily here. With this modification, only one-fifth of the volume of waste solutions are generated, and little sacrifice in analytical precision is made. Inorganic Interferences Certain reduced inorganic ions can be oxidized under the conditions of the COD test and thus can cause erroneously high results to be obtained. Chloride causes the most serious problem because of its normally high concentration in most wastewaters. 6Cl- + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 3Cl2 +2CR3+ + 7H2O Fortunately, this interference can be eliminated by the addition of mercuric sulfate to the sample prior to the addition of the other reagents. The mercuric ion combines with the chloride ions to form a poorly ionized mercuric chloride complex Hg2+ + 2Cl- HgCl2 (aq) In the presence of excess mercuric ions the chloride-ion concentration is so small that it is not oxidized to any extent by dichromate. Nitrite ix oxidized to nitrate and this interference can be overcome by the addition of sulfamic acid to the dichromate solution. However, significant amounts of nitrite seldom occur in wastes or in natural waters. This also holds true for other possible interferences such as ferrous iron and sulfide. Application of COD Data The COD test is used extensively in the analysis of industrial wastes. It is particularly valuable in surveys designed to determine and control losses to sewer systems. Results may be obtained within a relatively short time and measures taken to correct errors on the day they occur. In conjunction with the BOD test, the COD test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the presence og biologically resistant organic substances. The test is widely used in the operation of treatment facilities because of the speed with which results can be obtained. BOD Vs. COD To measure oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) relies on bacteria to oxidize readily available organic matter during a five-day incubation period. COD uses strong chemicals to oxidize organic matter. Generally, COD is preferred to BOD for process control measurements because results are more reproducible and are available in just two hours rather than five days. By the time you have the results from a five day test, the plant conditions are no longer the same, so real time monitor and control cannot be relied upon by the use of BOD. COD is a quick and easy and the process at the wastewater treatment plant can be optimized and controlled with real time accuracy. BOD simulates the actual treatment plant process by measuring the organic material microorganisms can oxidize. Although COD is comparable to BOD, it actually measures chemically oxidizable matter. The COD test is not a direct substitute for the BOD test; however, a ratio usually can be correlated between the two tests. This requires COD versus BOD testing over a specified period of time. For industrial samples, COD is the only feasible test because of the presence of bacterial inhibitors or other chemical interferences, which would interfere with a BOD determination. Many industrial laboratories find that parallel COD and BOD testing is beneficial because the COD test can be used to target a specific BOD range. Conclusion The Ceramic Industry is a major source of pollutants to the environment. Industrial Wastes unless treated pose a threat to the environment and are extremely hazardous if left untreated. Hence evaluation of the same is of utmost important. The composition of the effluents should fall within the Emission Limit Values as specified by EHS Guidelines. Analysis of effluents forms the primary phase of Wastewater Treatment. It indicates the type of treatment required and gives an estimate of the machinery and infrastructure to be laid. Only through a thorough assessment the industry would be able to gauge the various possibilities of treatment and recycling. Summary and Future Research The study so far has identified the importance and need for effluent analysis as the first step towards treatment systems. The chemical composition of effluents released from the Ceramic Industry have been estimated and their ELVs mentioned. The tests and methods of analysis have been explained in depth and simulated in the laboratory so as to determine the chemical concentration levels of the effluent sample prior to treatment. Further tests will include an analysis of the treated samples and verification with the standard values issued by EHS Guidelines. In addition, ICP atomic spectroscopy will be used to identify the presence of elemental contaminants and a report of the same will be provided to the Ceramic Company for their reference. Bibliography Metcalf Eddy, Inc., George Tchobanoglous, Franklin Burton, H. David Stensel, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill. Lenore S. Clescerl, Arnold E. Greenberg, Andrew D. Eaton, Standard Methods for Examination of Water Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Ceramic Tile and Sanitary Ware Manufacturing (pdf). M.L. Nollet, Handbook of Waste Analysis, 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill Publications. Sawyer, McCarty Parkin, Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th edition. McGraw-Hill Publications. Importance of Quantitative Measurements Quantitative measurements serve as the keystone of engineering practice. Environmental engineering and science is perhaps most demanding in this respect, for it requires the use of not only the conventional measuring devices employed by engineers, but, in addition, many of the techniques and methods of measurement used by chemists, physicists, and some of htose used by biologists. Every problem in environmental engineering and science must be approached initially in a manner that will define the problem. This approach necessitates the use of